Southeast Asians often rank, compare and stereotype one another, with common phrases including:
Despite the region's emphasis on unity, these stereotypes persist in everyday life, in classrooms and online.
Singaporeans are too strict, Malaysians are too soft, Filipinos are too noisy and Thais are too easygoing.
As ASEAN leaders gather for the 47th ASEAN Summit, the question of how well Southeast Asians truly understand one another remains.
Luo Chen Jun, a former civil servant from Singapore, notes that people often see his country first when participating in regional exchanges.
Author's summary: ASEAN unity is challenged by persistent stereotypes.